Is Cleveland Elementary a good school?

Cleveland Elementary ranks in the bottom 14.5% of Michigan elementary schools.

How many students attend Cleveland Elementary?

In the 2023-24 school year, 238 students attended Cleveland Elementary.

What is the racial makeup of Cleveland Elementary?

Students at Cleveland Elementary are 44% White, 29% African American, 18% Two or more races, 9% Hispanic.

What schools do graduates of Cleveland Elementary attend?

Students who attend Cleveland Elementary usually go on to attend: Middle : Central Middle School High : Port Huron High School

Cleveland Elementary

Summary:

Cleveland Elementary is a public elementary school in Port Huron, Michigan, serving 278 students in grades PK-5. The school is part of the Port Huron Area School District, which is ranked 435 out of 610 districts in the state and has a 1-star rating from SchoolDigger.

Cleveland Elementary has a more diverse student population compared to nearby schools, with higher percentages of African American (21.58%) and students of two or more races (18.71%). However, the school's academic performance, as measured by M-Step test scores, is significantly lower than the district and state averages across all grade levels and subjects. For example, in 2023-2024, only 23.8% of 3rd graders, 14.3% of 4th graders, and 23.3% of 5th graders were proficient or better in English Language Arts, compared to the district averages of 29.3%, 32.5%, and 38.3%, respectively. Additionally, Cleveland Elementary has a very high chronic absenteeism rate, ranging from 10.7% in 2020-2021 to 66.6% in 2021-2022, which is much higher than the nearby Marysville Public Schools district.

Despite the high spending per student at Cleveland Elementary, ranging from $12,743 in 2019-2020 to $17,306 in 2022-2023, the school's academic performance remains significantly lower than the district and state averages. This suggests that factors beyond just funding, such as student demographics, teacher quality, and school leadership, may be contributing to the school's underperformance. In contrast, the nearby Washington Elementary, Morton Elementary, and Gardens Elementary schools in the Marysville Public Schools district consistently outperform the state and district averages across all grade levels and subjects.

Detail:

Public PK, KG-5

2801 Vanness St
Port Huron, MI 48060-6866

(810) 984-6500

District: Port Huron Area School District

SchoolDigger Rank:
1270^th of 1,486 Michigan Elementary Schools

Per Pupil Expenditures: $17,306

Students who attend Cleveland Elementary usually attend:

Middle:	Central Middle School
High:	Port Huron High School

Student/teacher ratio: 9.4

Number of students: 238

Racial breakdown:

White:

43.7%

African American:

29.4%

Two or more races:

18.1%

Free/discounted lunch recipients: 89.5%

See top rated Michigan elementary schools

Compare Cleveland Elementary to nearby elementary schools!

Performance Trends

Compare Details Cleveland Elementary ranks worse than 85.5% of elementary schools in Michigan. It also ranks last among 9 ranked elementary schools in the Port Huron Area School District. (See more...)

Compare Details In 2024 the calculated Average Standard Score was 13.62. (See more...)

Chronic absenteeism in a school refers to a situation where students repeatedly miss school, with the threshold often defined as missing 10% or more of school days for any reason, excused or unexcused.

Student Body

Compare Details Cleveland Elementary has the smallest elementary school student body size in the Port Huron Area School District. Student population at Cleveland Elementary is diverse. Racial makeup is: White (43.7%), African American (29.4%), two or more races (18.1%). (See more...)

Compare Details 89.5% of students are receiving a free or discounted lunch. (See more...)

Teachers

Compare Details The student/teacher ratio at Cleveland Elementary is 9.4, which is the lowest among 9 elementary schools in the Port Huron Area School District! (See more...)

Compare Cleveland Elementary employs 25.3 full-time teachers.

Finance

Compare Details The average total spent per student at Cleveland Elementary is $17,306, which is the 3^rd highest among 9 elementary schools in the Port Huron Area School District.

Schooldigger 2024 Rankings:

Cleveland Elementary:

SchoolDigger ranks Cleveland Elementary 1270^th of 1486 Michigan public elementary schools. (See Cleveland Elementary in the ranking list.)

Elementary School Test Score Ratings by Student Subgroup:

Low Socio Economic Status students:

Female students:

Male students:

White students:

Port Huron Area School District:

SchoolDigger ranks Port Huron Area School District 435^th of 610 Michigan school districts. (See district ranking list.)

Average Rating:

Read all reviews and ratings detail for Cleveland Elementary.

What do you think?

Your rating for Cleveland Elementary?

(Ranking FAQ)

Rank History for Cleveland Elementary

Compare

Rank History for all students at Cleveland Elementary

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	MI State Percentile
2006	28.25	1328^th	1545	14.0%
2007	28.21	1341^st	1565	14.3%
2008	24.80	1372^nd	1577	13.0%
2009	10.85	1502^nd	1589	5.5%
2010	31.28	1297^th	1552	16.4%
2011	7.44	1497^th	1552	3.5%
2012	8.78	1497^th	1566	4.4%
2013	8.70	1478^th	1563	5.4%
2014	16.85	1325^th	1533	13.6%
2015	12.65	1408^th	1580	10.9%
2016	9.41	1415^th	1548	8.6%
2017	8.63	1347^th	1466	8.1%
2018	11.08	1346^th	1448	7.0%
2024	13.62	1270^th	1486	14.5%

See the entire list of Michigan Elementary School Rankings!

Rank History for Low Socio Economic Status students at Cleveland Elementary

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	MI State Percentile	SchoolDigger Rating
2018	17.22	1229^th	1397	12.0%
2024	19.69	1155^th	1381	16.4%

See the entire list of Best Michigan Elementary Schools for Low Socio Economic Status Students!

Rank History for Female students at Cleveland Elementary

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	MI State Percentile	SchoolDigger Rating
2018	11.62	1311^th	1443	9.1%
2024	11.72	1216^th	1342	9.4%

See the entire list of Best Michigan Elementary Schools for Female Students!

Rank History for Male students at Cleveland Elementary

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	MI State Percentile	SchoolDigger Rating
2018	11.41	1306^th	1446	9.7%
2024	13.67	1195^th	1347	11.3%

See the entire list of Best Michigan Elementary Schools for Male Students!

Rank History for African American students at Cleveland Elementary

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	MI State Percentile	SchoolDigger Rating
2018	29.27	350^th	475	26.3%

See the entire list of Best Michigan Elementary Schools for African American Students!

Rank History for White students at Cleveland Elementary

Year	Avg Standard Score	Statewide Rank	Total # Ranked Elementary Schools	MI State Percentile	SchoolDigger Rating
2018	5.28	1233^rd	1253	1.6%
2024	13.98	1082^nd	1204	10.1%

See the entire list of Best Michigan Elementary Schools for White Students!

Data source: test scores: Michigan Department of Education, rankings: SchoolDigger.com

As you review the school rankings data, please be aware that some of the information from certain demographics is missing. The reason for this omission is that the data has been redacted from the source data itself due to low population samples in these specific demographic groups.

Redacting data from low population samples is a necessary step to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the results, as small sample sizes may not be representative of the broader population. Additionally, this measure helps protect the privacy of individuals belonging to these demographic groups.

Data source: Michigan Department of Education

Review counts

All ratings (Avg rating: 5)

100%

Reviews:

by a teacher on FaceBook
Tuesday, February 7, 2012

Cleveland Elementary is a little jewel of a school nestled in a quiet neighborhood of South Park in Port Huron. While we rank near the bottom, what you will see when you walk through our doors is NOT the picture you would have based on our ratings. EVERYONE in the building is vested in each and every child's education. Not to mention what we do on a daily basis to guide and mentor these adorable kids not only educationally, but also mentally and emotionally. We have a caring principal who is working hard to have Cleveland join the ranks of "Model Schools." We have a staff willing to work with him to achieve that goal. We have PRIDE in what we do and what we believe in and we WILL work our way up in the ranks. PLEASE DO NOT let our standing here convince you that we are otherwise. We are here by choice and believe that "If You Can Dream It, You Can Achieve It!" Close Quote

Enrollment information for Cleveland Elementary

Compare

Year	White	African American	Asian	Hispanic	American Indian	Pacific Islander	Two or More Races	Not Specified	Total
1988	61	128	0	38	1	n/a	n/a	0	228
1989	83	107	0	35	3	n/a	n/a	0	228
1990	83	135	0	34	2	n/a	n/a	0	254
1991	91	129	0	36	2	n/a	n/a	0	258
1992	115	118	0	40	2	n/a	n/a	0	275
1993	123	134	0	37	2	n/a	n/a	0	296
1994	101	118	0	28	1	n/a	n/a	0	248
1995	86	140	10	18	1	n/a	n/a	0	255
1996	86	140	10	18	1	n/a	n/a	0	255
1997	88	141	11	19	6	n/a	n/a	0	265
1998	93	132	9	15	7	n/a	n/a	0	256
1999	88	153	7	20	9	n/a	n/a	0	277
2000	91	145	3	20	10	n/a	n/a	0	269
2001	100	150	3	10	8	n/a	n/a	0	271
2002	161	168	2	17	5	n/a	n/a	13	366
2003	161	168	2	17	5	n/a	n/a	13	366
2004	133	129	3	11	6	n/a	n/a	10	292
2005	112	126	1	7	4	n/a	n/a	0	250
2006	119	113	2	12	5	n/a	n/a	0	251
2007	122	110	3	5	4	n/a	n/a	0	244
2008	105	105	2	7	3	n/a	n/a	0	222
2009	91	113	2	15	1	n/a	n/a	0	222
2010	92	112	2	23	3	n/a	n/a	0	232
2011	77	94	3	17	3	0	19	0	213
2012	86	100	0	21	0	1	23	0	231
2013	97	101	2	21	0	1	27	0	249
2014	118	103	2	19	2	2	23	0	269
2015	96	96	2	20	2	3	33	0	252
2016	94	95	2	30	2	1	32	0	256
2017	82	73	0	25	2	0	41	0	223
2018	89	75	1	25	2	0	37	0	229
2019	103	51	0	16	0	0	40	0	210
2020	129	57	1	14	1	0	51	0	253
2021	137	44	0	13	0	0	50	0	244
2022	145	62	0	19	1	0	40	0	267
2023	148	60	0	17	1	0	52	0	278
2024	104	70	0	21	0	0	43	0	238

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Enrollment/Ethnicity

For more information about how the Department of Education defines ethnicity, see Defining Race and Ethnicity Data, National Center for Education Statistics

Students eligible for free or discounted lunch at Cleveland Elementary

Compare

Year	# Students	Full-time Teachers	Student/Teacher ratio	% Free/Discounted Lunch
1988	228	n/a	n/a	n/a
1989	228	n/a	n/a	57
1990	254	21.0	12.0	52
1991	258	n/a	n/a	n/a
1992	275	n/a	n/a	65.5
1993	296	n/a	0.0	64.5
1994	248	17.6	14.1	60.5
1995	255	18.0	14.2	79.2
1996	255	18.0	14.2	79.2
1997	265	19.0	13.9	85.3
1998	256	21.0	12.2	71.9
1999	277	24.0	11.5	69.3
2000	269	22.8	11.8	94.1
2001	271	22.0	12.3	90.8
2002	366	24.6	14.9	70.3
2003	366	24.6	14.9	70.3
2004	292	24.5	11.9	84.4
2005	250	22.9	10.9	86
2006	251	22.4	11.2	82.9
2007	244	24.0	10.2	88.1
2008	222	23.0	9.7	80.2
2009	222	20.5	10.8	91.9
2010	232	21.9	10.5	94.4
2011	213	20.7	10.2	94.4
2012	231	22.5	10.2	93.1
2013	249	21.9	11.3	87.6
2014	269	21.2	12.6	92.2
2015	252	20.0	12.6	81.7
2016	256	19.0	13.4	82
2017	223	17.1	13.0	88.8
2018	229	17.0	13.4	91.3
2019	210	16.3	12.8	88.1
2020	253	19.6	12.9	90.9
2021	244	20.6	11.8	91.4
2022	267	20.9	12.7	92.5
2023	278	25.3	10.9	92.8
2024	238	25.3	9.4	89.5

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Students eligible for discounted/free lunch:

The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) provides low-cost or free meals to students in U.S. public and nonprofit private schools based on household income. Those with incomes below 130% of the poverty line receive free lunch, while those between 130% and 185% qualify for reduced-price lunch. The percentage of students receiving free or reduced-price lunch serves as a marker for poverty, as it reflects the socioeconomic status of families in a given school or district. A higher FRPL rate typically indicates a higher concentration of low-income families, suggesting that the school or district may face additional challenges in providing adequate resources and support for student success.

Student/Teacher Ratio Cleveland Elementary

Compare

Year	# Students	Full-time Teachers	Student/Teacher ratio	% Free/Discounted Lunch
1988	228	n/a	n/a	n/a
1989	228	n/a	n/a	57
1990	254	21.0	12.0	52
1991	258	n/a	n/a	n/a
1992	275	n/a	n/a	65.5
1993	296	n/a	0.0	64.5
1994	248	17.6	14.1	60.5
1995	255	18.0	14.2	79.2
1996	255	18.0	14.2	79.2
1997	265	19.0	13.9	85.3
1998	256	21.0	12.2	71.9
1999	277	24.0	11.5	69.3
2000	269	22.8	11.8	94.1
2001	271	22.0	12.3	90.8
2002	366	24.6	14.9	70.3
2003	366	24.6	14.9	70.3
2004	292	24.5	11.9	84.4
2005	250	22.9	10.9	86
2006	251	22.4	11.2	82.9
2007	244	24.0	10.2	88.1
2008	222	23.0	9.7	80.2
2009	222	20.5	10.8	91.9
2010	232	21.9	10.5	94.4
2011	213	20.7	10.2	94.4
2012	231	22.5	10.2	93.1
2013	249	21.9	11.3	87.6
2014	269	21.2	12.6	92.2
2015	252	20.0	12.6	81.7
2016	256	19.0	13.4	82
2017	223	17.1	13.0	88.8
2018	229	17.0	13.4	91.3
2019	210	16.3	12.8	88.1
2020	253	19.6	12.9	90.9
2021	244	20.6	11.8	91.4
2022	267	20.9	12.7	92.5
2023	278	25.3	10.9	92.8
2024	238	25.3	9.4	89.5

Data source: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept of Education.

About Student-Teacher Ratio

Student/teacher ratio is calculated by dividing the total number of students by the total number of full-time equivalent teachers. Please note that a smaller student/teacher ratio does not necessarily translate to smaller class size. In some instances, schools hire teachers part time, and some teachers are hired for specialized instruction with very small class sizes. These and other factors contribute to the student/teacher ratio. Note: For private schools, Student/teacher ratio may not include Pre-Kindergarten.

Finances

Per Pupil Expenditures for Cleveland Elementary

Year	Expenditures from Federal Funds	Expenditures from State and Local Funds	Total Expenditures Per Pupil (All Funds)
2019	$3,396 (24.5%)	$10,442 (75.5%)	$13,839
2020	$2,902 (22.8%)	$9,841 (77.2%)	$12,743
2021	$3,474 (25.1%)	$10,381 (74.9%)	$13,855
2022	$4,383 (28.8%)	$10,855 (71.2%)	$15,238
2023	$5,225 (30.2%)	$12,081 (69.8%)	$17,306

Data source: Michigan Department of Education

Pre and Post Pandemic Data

Impact of COVID-19 on Cleveland Elementary

The coronavirus has had a profound impact on education in America. Learning shifted online overnight, attendance numbers dwindled, and enrollment decreased. SchoolDigger.com is making it easier for you to better assess how COVID-19 has impacted your school. Through the collection of pre-pandemic (2019) and current data, SchoolDigger.com is sharing test scores, enrollment numbers and school demographics from schools across the country – and we make it easy to see how impacted schools compare locally and statewide.

Student Body

	Number of students Pre-pandemic (2018-2019)	Number of students Post pandemic (2022-2023)	Change (%)
Total Students	210	278	32.4%
African American	51	60	17.6%
American Indian	0	1
Asian	0	0
Hispanic	16	17	6.3%
Pacific Islander	0	0
White	103	148	43.7%
Two or More Races	40	52	30%
% Free/Discounted Lunch Recipients	88.1%	92.8%	4.7%

Schools Near Cleveland Elementary

Choose columns to see: Summary School Students/Teachers Ranking Test Scores Finance All

School													Students/Teachers											Ranking (2024)				Ranking (2023)				M-Step English Language Arts (2024)					M-Step Math (2024)					M-Step Science (2024)	M-Step Social Studies (2024)	Per Pupil Expenditures (2023)
Name	Type	Grades	Address	City	Zip	County	District	Is Charter	Is Magnet	Is Virtual	Is Title I	Phone	Enrollment	Full-time Teachers	Student/ Teacher Ratio	Free/Discounted Lunch Recipients	White	Black	Hispanic	Asian	American Indian	Pacific Islander	Two or More Races	Average Standard Score (2024)	Statewide Rank (2024)	State Percentile (2024)	SchoolDigger Rating (2024)	Average Standard Score (2023)	Statewide Rank (2023)	State Percentile (2023)	Rank Change from Previous Year	M-Step English Language Arts 3rd Grade	M-Step English Language Arts 4th Grade	M-Step English Language Arts 5th Grade	M-Step English Language Arts 6th Grade	M-Step English Language Arts 7th Grade	M-Step Math 3rd Grade	M-Step Math 4th Grade	M-Step Math 5th Grade	M-Step Math 6th Grade	M-Step Math 7th Grade	M-Step Science 5th Grade	M-Step Social Studies 5th Grade	Per Pupil Expenditures Total	Sub-total from Federal Funds	Sub-total from State/Local Funds
Cleveland Elementary	Public	PK, KG-5	2801 Vanness St	Port Huron	48060	St. Clair County	Port Huron Area School District	No	No	No	Yes	(810) 984-6500	238	25	9.4	89.5%	104 (43.7%)	70 (29.4%)	21 (8.8%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	43 (18.1%)	13.6	1270^th of 1486 public elementary schools	14.5%					(n/a)	23.8	14.3	23.3			20.9	13.9	13.3			16.7	10.0	$17,306	$5,225	$12,081
Roosevelt Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	1112 20th St	Port Huron	48060	St. Clair County	Port Huron Area School District	No	No	No	Yes	(810) 984-6525	266	24	11.0	80.8%	159 (59.8%)	38 (14.3%)	22 (8.3%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	47 (17.7%)	17.9	1202^nd of 1486 public elementary schools	19.1%		7.5	1380^th of 1470 public elementary schools	6.1%	178	17.3	15.2	41.5			19.2	15.2	12.2			29.3		$16,465	$3,684	$12,781
Morton Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	920 Lynwood St	Marysville	48040	St. Clair County	Marysville Public Schools	No	No	No	Yes	(810) 364-2990	322	20	16.4	60.9%	280 (87.0%)	3 (0.9%)	15 (4.7%)	2 (0.6%)	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	21 (6.5%)	83.4	213^th of 1486 public elementary schools	85.7%		68.2	419^th of 1470 public elementary schools	71.5%	206	60.0	64.7	62.0			56.0	64.7	46.0			64.0	34.0	$00	$00	$00
Woodrow Wilson Elementary	Public	K-5	834 Chestnut St	Port Huron	48060	St. Clair County	Port Huron Area School District	No	No	No	Yes	(810) 984-6530	249	24	10.3	96.0%	146 (58.6%)	39 (15.7%)	11 (4.4%)	0 (0.0%)	3 (1.2%)	0 (0.0%)	50 (20.1%)	13.9	1262^nd of 1486 public elementary schools	15.1%		6.2	1418^th of 1470 public elementary schools	3.5%	156	16.2	19.4	18.2			33.3		9.3			18.6		$18,209	$5,316	$12,892
East Shore Leadership Academy	Public, Charter	K-8	1403 7th St	Port Huron	48060	St. Clair County	East Shore Leadership Academy	Yes	No	No	Yes	(810) 247-0687	174	8	21.2	93.7%	112 (64.4%)	25 (14.4%)	9 (5.2%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	28 (16.1%)	34.8	938^th of 1486 public elementary schools	36.9%		37.5	890^th of 1470 public elementary schools	39.5%	48	21.7	30.4	45.5	42.9	43.8	26.1		31.8	28.6	43.8	22.7		$13,965	$4,844	$9,121
Gardens Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	1076 6th St	Marysville	48040	St. Clair County	Marysville Public Schools	No	No	No	No	(810) 364-7141	475	20	24.0	32.2%	446 (93.9%)	3 (0.6%)	9 (1.9%)	2 (0.4%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	15 (3.2%)	95.4	43^rd of 1486 public elementary schools	97.1%		96.9	24^th of 1470 public elementary schools	98.4%	19	74.7	77.9	73.2			78.5	73.3	72.0			61.0	54.9	$00	$00	$00
Washington Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	905 16th St	Marysville	48040	St. Clair County	Marysville Public Schools	No	No	No	Yes	(810) 364-7101	478	28	16.9	51.9%	441 (92.3%)	1 (0.2%)	14 (2.9%)	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	21 (4.4%)	70	406^th of 1486 public elementary schools	72.7%		60.9	537^th of 1470 public elementary schools	63.5%	131	68.6	52.4	52.8			76.5	47.6	49.1			41.5	18.9	$00	$00	$00
Michigamme Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	2855 Michigan Rd	Port Huron	48060	St. Clair County	Port Huron Area School District	No	No	No	No	(810) 984-6523	368	27	13.6	62.5%	292 (79.3%)	17 (4.6%)	28 (7.6%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	31 (8.4%)	17.6	1210^th of 1486 public elementary schools	18.6%		22.3	1107^th of 1470 public elementary schools	24.7%	103	26.0	24.2	21.0			32.0	13.6	16.1			22.6		$15,444	$2,022	$13,421
H D Crull Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	2615 Hancock St	Port Huron	48060	St. Clair County	Port Huron Area School District	No	No	No	Yes	(810) 984-6504	383	26	14.5	76.0%	271 (70.8%)	29 (7.6%)	25 (6.5%)	2 (0.5%)	5 (1.3%)	0 (0.0%)	51 (13.3%)	26.8	1072^nd of 1486 public elementary schools	27.9%		24.6	1085^th of 1470 public elementary schools	26.2%	13	24.6	37.7	32.8			19.3	32.8	27.9			26.7	6.7	$15,631	$3,070	$12,560
Garfield Elementary School	Public	PK, KG-5	1221 Garfield St	Port Huron	48060	St. Clair County	Port Huron Area School District	No	No	No	Yes	(810) 984-6509	359	34	10.6	78.0%	252 (70.2%)	28 (7.8%)	20 (5.6%)	1 (0.3%)	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)	57 (15.9%)	13.7	1268^th of 1486 public elementary schools	14.7%		14.5	1242^nd of 1470 public elementary schools	15.5%	26	22.5	18.8	23.3			22.5	18.4	14.3			14.3	7.1	$18,200	$3,190	$15,010

Cleveland Elementary

Cleveland Elementary:

Elementary School Test Score Ratings by Student Subgroup:

Port Huron Area School District:

Average Rating:

What do you think?

Rank History for Cleveland Elementary

Rank History for all students at Cleveland Elementary

Rank History for Low Socio Economic Status students at Cleveland Elementary

Rank History for Female students at Cleveland Elementary

Rank History for Male students at Cleveland Elementary

Rank History for African American students at Cleveland Elementary

Rank History for White students at Cleveland Elementary

Review counts

Enrollment information for Cleveland Elementary

Students eligible for free or discounted lunch at Cleveland Elementary

Student/Teacher Ratio Cleveland Elementary

Per Pupil Expenditures for Cleveland Elementary

Impact of COVID-19 on Cleveland Elementary

Student Body

Schools Near Cleveland Elementary